Dr. Resperger István - Dr. Túri Viktória

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TERRORISM AND THE ASYMMETRICAL WARFARE
(A TERRORIZMUS ÉS AZ ASZIMMETRIKUS HADVISELÉS PSZICHOLÓGIAI ASPEKTUSAI)

Rezümé
Az aszimmetrikus hadviselés az aszimmetrikus kihívásokhoz kapcsolható tevékenység, amikor a végrehajtók – legtöbbször saját életüket sem kímélve – hajtanak végre katonai akciókat, általában a magasabb technikai színvonalon álló féllel szemben. Az aszimmetrikus kihívások olyan nem hagyományos, vagy nem költséges ártó szándékú akciók, amelyek kivédésére nem készültek fel megfelelően (terrorizmus, a tömegpusztító fegyverek bevetése, vagy azokkal való fenyegetés és az információs hadviselés). Az aszimmetrikus hadviselés ennek megfelelően a nem költséges, egyszerű eszközökkel és módszerekkel végrehajtott – gyakran önfeláldozó – gerilla, partizán jellegű rajtaütéseket és egyéb akciókat magában foglaló tevékenységek köre.
Így a „gyengébb” technikai felszereltségű, a kevesebb kiképzést végrehajtó általában a megszállt területeken harcoló fél fegyvere, módszere a megszállókkal szemben. Ebbe a körbe tartoznak: öngyilkos merényletek, bombatámadások, logisztikai-, vezetési pontok elleni akciók, tisztek, parancsnoki állomány elleni merényletek, utánpótlási vonalak, szállítási útvonalak rombolása valamint az ellenség ellátásának, utánpótlásának akadályozása, egyéb akciókkal.

Introduction
The national and foreign experts dealing with the fight against terrorism and the problems of asymmetrical warfare have taken international terrorism into consideration since 1872. However, every country in the world regards the attack 11th September, 2001 as the true milestone. This day made it obvious for people that all the forces, means and procedures adopted in the past cannot impede the actions of international terrorism or the preparations for further actions. Now, more prepared forces, more effective means and more successful fighting procedures are needed in the fight against international terrorism. The warfare against the blinded suicide assassins means new challenge for the soldiers as well, which burdens their organism both physically and mentally. Therefore, the following field of research which analyses what kind of psychical factors, stress and trauma can happen to the soldiers at the battlefield could be of high importance. How can they be prepared for the stress of the front, or can the soldiers be prepared for it at all, and what kind of means can the anxiety the soldiers undergo in the war zone be eased with.

FUNDAMENTALS ABOUT TERRORISM AND ASYMMETRICAL WARFARE
The characteristics of terrorism in present day¹

The national and foreign experts dealing with the fight against terrorism and the problems of asymmetrical warfare have taken international terrorism into consideration since 1872. During the summer Olympic Games in 1972, Munich, one of the action groups of the Palestinian terror organisation named ‘Black September’ attacked the accommodation of the Israeli Olympic group. Taking more athletes as hostages, they got involved into a gun-battle at the Fürstenfeld-Bruck airport with the German police and soldiers put into action who shot five terrorists and captured three of them. Among the Israeli athletes taken as hostages, nine died during the terror action. This tragic incident directed the attention of the world public opinion and most of the governments to the huge danger of the terrorism and its process of becoming international (since Palestinian terrorists killed Israeli citizens in Germany, during the meeting of sportsmen from all over the word).
Basically, this situation described the preparation for the fight against international terrorism until the al-Qaeda terror attack with enormous amount of victims in New York and Washington in 11th September, 2001. In one of the theatres and in the underground in Moscow, in the Chechen Republic, in Ossetia, in Beslan, at the train station in Madrid, London, Egypt, Saudi-Arabia, Philippines, Afghanistan, Turkey, Israel, India, Indonesia as well as in several countries of Africa and Latin-America. The more frequent terror attacks with more increasing number of victims manifested the intensified danger of the new typed terrorism and the importance and necessity of a determined behaviour against it in front of the progressive mankind. The politicians of the progressive world all agreed in this behaviour to be determined, fast, coordinated and effective.
The forces, means and procedures adopted in the past have not succeeded in hindering the actions of terrorism and its preparations for further activities. Therefore, new, more prepared forces, new and more effective means and new, more successful struggle procedures are needed in the fight against international terrorism.

• Those preparing for terrorist activities or suicide attempts must be captured or killed.
• It would be essential to make approaches and give assistance to the important countries of the Islam world and everything has to be done to stop the supporting of national terrorist groups.
• The possibility of the terrorist attacks against the USA should be pushed from own territory to foreign territories, furthermore, a continuous battle without compromise should be carried on with the groups.
• The abilities of the armed forces, internal security organs and intelligence service should be shaped to be suitable for the above mentioned three duties entirely.⁴

The international warriors, - the international terrorists -, who became constant participants of the armed conflicts, got even stronger during the Iraq war. War became not only a want but the field of gaining experience and further establishing of contacts with different national, international terrorist organisations. The financial sources were also shared in many cases as well as the logistic, training, propaganda, ideological and recruiting duties were assisted. Thus groups coming from several countries of the world ‘united’ into a global and an all continent interweaving world net, whose leader became Primus inter Pares,⁵ also known as al-Qaeda.
Its principal aims have been systematized by several experts, here is an example:

• Arranging the downfall or replacement of governments that are not adequate in their opinion.
• Establishing a dictatorial regime with theocratic, religious fundamentalist control.
• Establishing an international religious fundamentalist theocratic caliphate perhaps, which is based on the reigning form of the historical Islam.
• In accordance with the most radical idea, the aim is to accomplish a caliphate that rules the whole world.⁶

Consequently, it is obvious that the USA means the greatest opponent for them as America is able to prevent their regional and world dominant plans. According to their scenario – and it can be stated unfortunately that the number of their sympathizers is of several millions –, first the ‘unbelievers’ should be expelled from the sacred places of Islam and later from the Islamic countries, than the battle should be continued on the territories of non-Islamic countries as well. It is offered for those living in minority not to integrate into the society as a subculture but rather by keeping their religious, political and ideological independence they should regard the Islam law as the basis of their lives. This is how they strengthen the Islamic organisations, aid the international terrorist groups with their donations, recruit members among themselves for the actions, for the sleeping cells, and give shelter, a place to rest for the members of their organisation. The further integration of the groups has been strengthened by not only the armed conflicts and religion but by the internationalism as well. In the early armed conflicts they appeared in a positive role against the colonizers then in the nationalist movements, during the time when the countries were trying to become conscious of themselves, they appeared in armed movements. Nowadays, their role is similar in connection with the Israel-Palestinian or Iraq conflict. They use national emotions in recruiting donations or members and in advertising their actions. One of the most important armed conflicts for the Islam world was the fight against the armed troops of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, where a non-Islamic country occupied an Islam country according to the propaganda. The same method appears among the Chechen warriors against the Russian side.
In another context it can be stated that this is how the terrorist groups can finance their further actions and gather strength. It should also be noted that though the groups can expand less political effect on the target countries as a consequence of background bargain, the influence of the society has harmful effect on the struggle against terrorism. While it seems that people demonstrate ‘only’ against war, for the life of a hostage, actually they act according to the wish of international terrorist groups, that is, they serve their purposes in the course of longer strategy. In terms of the group, it is important since the international public opinion condemns the terrorist actions though acts on their behalf. The in-between aim is influence, the propaganda acts in favour of them anyway.

• predatory aggression;
• aggression among males;
• aggression driven by fear;
• irritation aggression;
• territory defending aggression;
• motherly aggression;
• aim-oriented aggression⁹

In term of people, the aggression is a more complicated notion since, as mentioned before, its direction and intention is a matter. According to Rousseau’s concept in his book The Social Contract¹⁰ human is kind and a man of good will but can find their place hard among the burdens established and created by society. As a result, they often fight against these with aggressive deeds.
According to Freud, human is born together with Eros, the instinct of life, and Thanatos, the instinct of death. On the basis of Freud’s conception and theory, aggressive endeavours exist consequently; therefore these have to come forth in one or another form. The way of the form in which aggression appears is different in every individual and personality. There are people who find the way to let off tension in sports, others in laughing and humour. As for Freud’s theory, pushing the aggressive endeavours into the background generates strong emotional tension in people; therefore, venting tension involves a kind of cathartic experience as well.¹¹
However, the psychological background of the asymmetric warfare is much more complex since it is not only about Eros and Thanatos, but aggressive actions on the basis of socialization, religion or out of conviction. These are destructive acts of such people and groups who not only cause death in a physical sense out of religious or ideological conviction and utilize media skilfully to create panic, but also traumatise the survivors through different video messages and newspaper articles.
How can wars that have coloured the human history for centuries regard as aggressive deeds? After all, only small part of the battles broke out because of race preservation or gaining food. A lot rather thirst for power or expansion and territory motivated the rulers, or some religious idea urged them to start a war against the other. What kind of motivation basis do those people fighting in a war possess? Here another important factor arises: upbringing, childhood socialization, religion and the role of all these in the development of the different aggressive behaviours.
In fact, aggression is always present in human life since childhood: during the process of socialization parents adopt several obstacles and prohibitions against their children in order to make them grown ups suitable for social demands. Consequently, aggression is always there with us, sometimes floating aimlessly in everyday life.
Similarly, religion and the differences of life style and culture developed from it are also present in everyday life for centuries. ‘The cursed consequence of religion is that it results in further divisions in an otherwise also divided world.’ (Words of a veteran fighting in the World Word II.)
Therefore, religion has an ambiguous role in the world’s life since it tries to dissolve prejudice and the differences among religious groups, nevertheless, it creates diverse groupings.¹² In accordance with some conceptions, if there were no different religions on Earth, prejudice and massacres carried out by religious reasons would disappear. Religion is not only faith for those people practising it but also constitutes the basis of their culture, and determines their way of life and everyday life.
In Csányi Vilmos’ opinion, the types of aggression found in the animal world can also be true for humans with some modifications; however, the human aggression out of race preservation is quite unique. Csányi classifies human aggression as follows:¹³

• Aggression out of protecting territory: according to the researches, this type of aggression can be observed already in the crèche (day nursery) and nursery school, and appears approximately from the age of two.
• Aggression out of possession and getting possession of something: first appears around the age of one and a half; the aggression is overt and the child does not hide their feelings.
• Aggression against strangers and invaders: everybody belongs to some groups during their lives. We identify ourselves and agree with the ideas, standards and activity of the certain group. Therefore, those people who do not belong to the same group are regarded as outsiders and we cherish aggressive feelings towards them if we feel that they endanger our group.
• Aggression to step ahead within a group or in hierarchy: it covers healthy ambition to some extent.
• Aggression out of frustration: if we are frustrated in some of our acts, the coping with the difficulty caused by frustration has aggressive appearance.
• Invading/Limit deciphering aggression: the exploratory aggression of the new person coming to a particular situation or surroundings.
• Auto aggression: Our aggression directs not only to objects or individuals, that is, to outside, but also inside, to ourselves. This is, for instance, when the individual without power and being hindered in his acts begins to worry about himself in his impotence.
• Normative, moral principle asserting aggression: every community, group, social unit endeavours to get their own way and ideas.

From another perspective, researches studying aggression can be divided into two large parts: one of them is Freud’s conception according to which aggression is interpreted as a drive, that is, a factor arisen from inner driving force, urge. Aggression as the basis of drive theories is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which says that if we are hindered in some of our acts, an aggressive drive develops which induce us to annihilate the person or object that caused the difficulty. So, aggression is a kind of energy which remains until it meets demands. Another theory feeds on this, according to which if aggression is a kind of energy, its satisfaction brings also catharsis. The question is in this aggression-catharsis theory that to what extent is the experienced catharsis restrained by the possible dreadful consequences of the act carried out by the aggressor, the spectacle caused by the violent, aggressive behaviour.¹⁴
The other outstanding explanation for the aggressive behaviour is the social studying theory related to Bandura. ¹⁵ In terms of this theory, aggressive behaviour is nothing but simple imitation.
For instance, children see their parents quarrelling with each other continuously, and then they also adopt these elements seen and learned at home in kindergarten and at school.
The following case is a good example for social studying theory, which was on the internet for months. A little girl was praising how she would imitate her suicide assassin mother when she grows up.
“It can be seen several times on Al-Aqsa, the own channel of the Hamas Palestinian terror group, as the barely four-year-old Duha praises her mother, Reem Saleh al-Riyashi (t22) who took other 4 people to death with herself when she blew herself up as the first woman terrorist three years ago.
- I will follow mum – begins Duha to speak in her thin voice, than the two minute long short film starts again.
- Mom, what is it in your hand? – asks the little girl while her mother fixes the explosive under her skirt. She says goodbye with tears on her eyes. Cut.
Finally, a gigantic detonation under which a Palestinian song can be heard: ‘You wear a bomb instead of me, now I know why, because it is more precious than me.’
The appalling image sequences continue in further scenes afterwards. On these image sequences Duha takes out a dynamite bar while opening the drawers of the family cupboards. Then she looks into the camera with determined eyes and takes a serious oath:
- My love is not only about words. I will follow my mum.
The Islam fanatics raise their children consciously to become suicide assassins. Recently, Duha has revealed during an interview that she is proud of her mother who is in heaven now.”¹⁶
Accordingly, human aggression and violence is a quite complicated mechanism, in which education as well as childhood socialization and our instincts can have a role.

2.2. Concepts Linked to Asymmetric Warfare
Coming back to terrorism and the asymmetric warfare as frequent models of the violence manifestation, the below concepts are expedient to separate:

Symmetry:

• Identity, identical form, usually proportion, order among the certain parts.

Asymmetry:

• Lack of symmetry among the parts or in the whole.
• “The other form of war.”
• “Most significantly, it is going not among states.”
• This means, that there are differences among the parts of an object, the harmony, stock, beauty and kindness cannot be visualised.

Asymmetric warfare:

• “The other form of war.”
• “Most significantly, it is going not among states.”

• The highly restricted way of putting means into action for the sake of the aimed influence /Martin von Creveld/¹⁷. From another point of view: ‘A lot of menace, risk is unlimited and unidentifiable with regards to ‘aim, influence, time and place’, delimited area, indefinable in an exact way and hard (if even possible) to defend /Curt Gasteyger/. According to his theory: basically, it is a situation where there are significant differences in means, methods, forces and motivation as well as there is considerable divergence among power relations. As for other conceptions, this kind of warfare is an activity against the enemy with numeral superiority pursued by little groups. Although it is also possible to call the war fought with traditional devices and in numeral superiority. From another point of view, they are called guerilla, partisan, or little wars as well.¹⁸

The side adopting asymmetric warfare:

• uses simple, often unusual devices with great results
• takes advantage of the strength of the opposite side as its main weakness
• aspires to obtain the utmost result by minimum effort
• has no need for great military forces, bureaucratic headquarters
• the adopted small scaled forces make the quick decision-making and the successful action possible
• does not enter into the competition face to face since it does not possess due military abilities

Consequences:

• There is an extreme force-device difference between the combative sides, the sides taking part in the conflict.
• The military abilities of the smaller side are so restricted that they cannot reach military victory only by traditional devices.
• Guerilla fight, sabotage and terror are needed to fight such kind of war.
• Crossing and giving up the norms.
• The aim is to force the enemy, the invaders to give up their purpose by different military means (including terrorist methods as well).
• The longer a war, an armed conflict drags on, the more likely the asymmetric warfare ensues.
• For victory, the military forces of the enemy have to be beaten, their territory has to be occupied and the national will has to be broken. Only the first two of these were carried out in Iraq.

The political character of asymmetric warfare can be described as follows:

• Violence.
• Lack of state institutions.
• The monopoly of violence is privatized.
• The difference between fighters – non-fighters disappears.
• Wars and armed conflicts approach the Clausewitz absolute war.
• Giving up morals.
• Appearance of child soldiers and suicide woman terrorists.
• Destruction is the aim.

Conclusion

• In accordance with the people involved in the conflicts, the most important statement is that there are no operative rules which results from the lack of state institution on the one hand, and from the strategy followed by the rebels, terrorists on the other hand.
• The first dimension appears in the methods and aims.
• The second asymmetry is the field of force which shows that in terms of expenses, financing the actions against the rebels costs a lot of money.
• The next dimension is time which shows significant differences towards the rebels. The training of the pilots, the preparations for the actions are in great disadvantage against the home made explosives in this dimension.

2.3. Losses¹⁹
The United States and the Allies consider personal losses very critical. As far as possible, armed forces should reach their goals with the least number of victims. The lesson of the Iraq War is that the American forces should have adopted other methods or made the occupied territories over to other groups in peace operations. As this did not happen, Americans have more casualties today than during the war. During war activities, 157 dead (126 American, 31 British), 495 wounded, and 4 lost people were registered. Current losses: 4538 dead, 43 993 wounded people²⁰. During the military operations, the most casualties were caused by the RPG-7 manual ATK grenade launcher attack (32 dead – 11, 5 %). During the time of the occupation, most problems derived from suicide bomb attacks and manual anti-aircraft missiles.²¹

There are only estimations about the casualties of the Iraq army and that of the civilians. According to some sources, the number of dead person was 13000 and the number of POWs (prisoner of war) was 7300.²³ The number of civilians was determined in 1600-1800 dead (1252 in accordance with other sources) and 5103 wounded person. An independent American organization regards the number of military casualties as 20000 and that of the civilians as 4300.
Apart from the actual death, the surviving soldiers also often suffer losses since the dreadful things they experienced can return in the forms of dream, thought, sleeping and eating problems: this is called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by scientific literature. The post-traumatic stress syndrome became truly accepted after the Vietnam war in spite of the fact that 97% of the survivors of the concentration camps in World War II have been troubled by the horrible memories of the period they lived through until the present day. The PTSD can be characterised with the following symptoms: usually it occurs months after the trauma, it is evoked by an everyday stress situation, and is characterised by sleeping problems, mood disturbances, and loss of appetite. Therefore, psychologists in the army can have an important role in giving proper supply for soldiers suffering from these types of problems.

• The “head chopping and shocking” strikes reached their expected goals; most often they crushed the Iraqi resistance. The higher proportional action of the precision weapons is needed for psychological effect, for avoiding great losses and resulting in fewer casualties.
• The “network centred war” with continuous progress report and command made rapid preparations of the troops for the battle activities and rapid attacks.
• The populated area, the built-up area and big cities mean significant difficulty for the attacker in the future too; it can cause long lasted battle activities in particular areas.
• The armed rebellious groups dressed as civilians caused considerable losses by asymmetric warfare; the training for the fight against them requires a long time.
• The planning for putting war helicopters (AH-64 Apache) into action, reorganization of their training became necessary after the unsuccessful Karbala action.
• The planning or selection of the supply and transport routes and their defence against the enemy pursuing guerilla war requires defence to a greater extent.
• After finishing military actions, completely different methods and procedures are needed in the after-stage of the conflict. The establishment and cultivation of the civilian-military relationship as well as the consideration of other cultures, religions and nationalities are all needed to settle the conflict. Taking the situation in Iraq as an example, it is shown that the occupation of an area and the defeat of their armed force do not mean that the conflict has been settled and the resistance has come to an end.
• The accomplishment of the British troops can be described as professionalism of high standard, few casualties, avoiding environment damages, and endeavour to stabilize the religious and political forces of the area.
• Above all, it was the asymmetric warfare that put great pressure on British soldiers since the method that differed from the Geneva Convention, strange for the western culture and civilization made the soldier tenser. Nevertheless, the advantage of the British command is that – contrary to the Americans - they dared to patrol with “open helmets” in the area and contacted the local residents after the war within no time. It is the nature of their army to avoid wearing bullet-proof waistcoat and helmet in order to build up trust the soonest possible.
• The complex duties such as maintaining peace in the area of the operations, military actions and the humanitarian assistance were fulfilled inseparably in terms of time. ²⁴

On the basis of the global data of wars (see Chart 1), three consequences can be drawn:

• The regular forces can end the Military Endstate of wars with a nearly 100 day action; however, for preparation and rearrangement several months are needed. The Political Endstate can be achieved within long years through cooperation with international organizations and non-state organizations together.
• The proportion of the American actions shows that the European, “from the Venus coming” countries should increase the extent of their military forces that can be settled as well as their aptitude for making, forcing peace and military actions if they do not want to lag behind the “from the Mars coming” Americans.
• The significant increase of the precision weapons’ proportion is conductive to the more precise execution of the warfare.

Chart 7.
/Edited by Dr. Resperger István/
/Quelle: CLARK, W. K.: Amikor erőre van szükség: A NATO katonai válasza a koszovói válságra In:  NATO Tükör 1999/2. nyár p. 15.; ZEHRER, H.: Der Golfkonflikt p. 262.; In: www.globalsecurity.org/mlitary/ops; Operation Iraqi Freedom- by The Numbers Assesment and Analysis Division USCENTAF p. 9.
Operation Iraqi Freedom Quick Facts In: www.iwar.org.uknews_archive/iraq/quick-facts.htm; Operation in Iraq First Reflection p. 24./

Bibliography, Materials from the Internet
Works Cited

• ALLPORT, Gordon: Az előítélet, Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest, 1977.
• ARONSON, Elliot.: A társas lény, Akadémia Kiadó Zrt., Budapest, 2008.
• BARTHA Lajos: Pszichológiai értelmező szótár, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1981.
• BURGER, K.- COOK, N.- KOCH, A.- SIRAK, M: What went right? In: JDW 30 April 2003 p. 20.
• CLARKE, Richard A.: Gegen die Krieger des Dschihad Der Aktionsplan
• CLAUSEWITZ, Carl von: A háborúról I. kötet. p. 37.
• COPERDY, G.: A Pivotal War In: Defense and Foreign Affairs Starategic Policy 2003 p. 4.
• CREVELD, Martin van: The Art of War: War and Military Thought, London: Cassell, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35264-0 (also New York: Collins/Smithsonian, 2005, ISBN 0-06-083853-1)
• CREVELD, Martin van : The Changing Face of War: lessons of combat, from the Marne to Iraq, New York: Presidio Press, 2006,ISBN 978-0-89141-901-3
• CSÁNYI V.: Agresszió az állatvilágban, Natura Kiadó, Budapest, 1986.
• DASSE, Christopher: Kleine Kriege - Große Wirkung. Wie unkonventionelle Kriegführung die internationale Politik verändert, Baden-Baden: Nomos 1999
• ELLIOT, M.: Lessons from the Rubble In: Time September 1, 2003 p.22.;
• FM 1-112 Attack Helikopters Operations Deepartmen HQ of The Army, Washington, 1997. amerikai doktrina HAMMOND, R.:Operation Iraqi Freedom Task Force 2-7 Infantry (Mechanized)
• HORVÁTH, Z: A koalíciós légierő alkalmazásának tapasztalatai az Irak elleni háborúban In: Új Honvédségi szemle 2003/11. /http://www.honvedelem.hu/cikk.php?cikk=14297/
• KŐSZEGVÁRI-RESPERGER: A terrorizmus elleni küzdelem katonai tapasztalatai Budapest, 2006. p. 50. ZMNE Egyetemi jegyzet
• Operation Iraqi Freedom Third Infranty Division (Mechanized) „Rock of the Marne” After Action Report Final Draft 12 May 2003 p.67.
• „Korruption, Geldwäsche, Steurparadise” térkép In: Le Mode Diplomatic: Atlas der Globalisierung p. 32.
• MÜNKLER, Herfried: Die neuen Kriege. Rowohlt, 2004, ISBN 3-499-61653-X.
• MÜNKLER, Herfried r: Der Wandel des Krieges. Von der Symmetrie zur Asymmetrie. Velbrück, Weilerswist 2006, ISBN 978-3-938808-09-2.
• Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq June 2008Report to Congress In accordance with theDepartment of Defense Appropriations Act 2008(Section 9010, Public Law 109-289) Section 2 - Iraqi Security Forces Training and Performance In: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2008/iraq-security-stability_jun2008-02.htm letöltés ideje: 2009. 02. 20.
• MORDICA, G., J.: Phase Four Operations in Iraq and the RPG-7 In: www. Globalsecurity.org/iraq/operation  
• RIDD, G: Protecting supply lines In: Janes Intelligence Rewiew 2003 July p. 30-31.
• http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx 2009. 02. 20.
• www.washingtonpost.com/usfatalities; www.USATODAY.com 2009. 02. 21.-ei helyzet.

Non-cited Works

• Hans Krech: Der Afghanistan-Konflikt (2002–2004). Fallstudie eines asymmetrischen Konflikts. Ein Handbuch. In: Bewaffnete Konflikte nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konfliktes. Bd. 15, Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin 2004, ISBN 978-3895745409.
• Ismail Küpeli (Hrsg.): Europas „Neue Kriege“: Legitimierung von Staat und Krieg. Hinrichs, Norbert, Moers 2007, ISBN 978-3-9810846-4-1.
• RTO/SAS-049 Specialist Team on Countering Terrorism-Final Report-Part 1 5-7 November 2002
• Combatting Terrorism, A Participants’ Background Guide for the February 2002  NATO RTO Workshop
• Kőszegvári Tibor: A nemzetközi terrorizmus elleni harc katonai feladatai, Hadtudomány, 2002. március 3-14. oldal.
• News Letter No. 03-27, Oct 03, Center for Army Lessons Learned
• Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures For Antiterrorism Joint Pub 3-07.2 17 Washington, 1998. 85 p.
• NETANJAHU, BENJAMIN: Harc a terrorizmus ellen, Alexandra Kiadó, Budapest, 1995. 165 p.
• ROSTOVÁNYI, ZSOLT: Mit kell tudni az iszlámról? Kossuth Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1983. 239 p.
• ROSTOVÁNYI, ZSOLT: Az iszlám a XXI. század küszöbén Aula, Budapest, 1998. 498 p.
• TIBI, BASSAM: Vom Gottesreich zum Nationalstaat. Islam als panarabischer Nationalismus p. 12.
• Iraq Anlysis Rumsfelds War In: Janes Intelligence Review 2003/7. p.4-40.
• RIPLEY, TIM: Planning for „Iraqi Freedom” In: Janes Intelligence Rewiew 2003 July p. 8-11.
• Design for Military Operations The British Military Doctrine Army Code 71451 1996. p. 216.
• MOSELEY, T. MICHAEL.: Operation Iraqi Freedom By The Numbers Assesment and Analysis Division USCENTAF 50 p.
• Operation in Iraq First Reflection Published by the Ministry of Defence UK JULY 2003. 52 p.
• HAMMOND, RALF: Operation Iraqi Freedom Task Force 2-7 Infantry (Mechanized) Doctrine and Collective Training Division Combined Arms and Tactics Directorate/Infantry School 45 p.
• MEY, HOLGER.: Network Centric Warfere In: Soldat und Technik 2003/2. p. 65-69.
• GOURLEY, SCOTT R.- RIDD, GRAYDEN: Tactical lessons for urban operations In: Janes Intelligence Rewiew 2003 July p. 38-41.
• FM 90-10 Military Operation on Urban Terrain Washington, 1990. 240 p.
• Operation Iraqi Freedom Third Infranty Division (Mechanized) „Rock of the Marne” After Action Report Final Draft 12 May 2003 250 p.

Materials on the Internet

• Operation Iraqi Freedom Quick Facts In: www.iwar.org.uk./news-archive/iraq/quick-facts.htm
• http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2008/03/25/GR2008032500711.html
• http://www.islamworld.net/
• www.dodccop.org/NCW/ncw.html
• www.globalsecurity.org.
• http://www.teror.gen.tr/english/organisations/html
• http://www.teror.gen.tr/english/organisations/html
• www.c3i.osd.mil/ncw/
• www.cnn.com/usfatalities

A terrorizmus fejezetrész forrása: KŐSZEGVÁRI-RESPERGER: A terrorizmus elleni küzdelem katonai tapasztalatai Budapest, 2006.  p. 50. ZMNE Egyetemi jegyzet

Lásd:BURGER, K.- COOK, N.- KOCH, A.- SIRAK, M: What went right? In: JDW 30 April 2003 p. 20.

„Korruption, Geldwäsche, Steurparadise” térkép I The asymmetric warfare is an activity that can be related to the asymmetric challenges, when the executers - not even sparing themselves most times – carry out military actions, usually against an opponent with higher technological standard. The asymmetric challenges are such non-traditional or non-expensive actions with harmful intention, which cannot be prepared to avoid properly (terrorism, putting weapons of mass destruction into action or threatening with it, and informational warfare). The National Military Strategy approved in 1997 included these. Consequently, the asymmetric warfare is a circle of activities including – often self-sacrificing - guerilla and partisan-like attacks and other activities carried out with non-expensive and simple means and procedures.
So, this is the weapon and the method against the invaders of the side usually fighting on the occupied areas that has ‘poorer’ technological equipment and executes fewer training. This circle includes: suicide attempts, bomb attacks, actions against logistical and leading points, attempts against officers and the commending effective force, the destruction of the supply routes and the delivery routes as well as hindering the supply or the reserves of the enemy with further actions. In most cases, it is extremely hard to find these out or rather those who adopt these do not observe the rules of the warfare. There were many occasion in Iraq as well when the soldiers of the Allies were attacked by soldiers dressed in civilian dress or by civilians. It is extremely hard to make soldiers be ready for such kind of warfare psychologically, and the defence has many problems as well n: Le Mode Diplomatic: Atlas der Globalisierung  p. 32.

1. CLARKE, Richard A.: Gegen die Krieger des Dschihad Der Aktionsplan p. 13.
2. Első az egyenlők között (latin)
3. CLARKE, Richard A.: Gegen die Krieger des Dschihad Der Aktionsplan p. 20.
4. CSÁNYI Vilmos: Agresszió az élővilágban, Budapest, Natura Kiadó, 1986.
5. BARTHA Lajos: Pszichológiai Értelmező Szótár, Budapest, Akadémia Kiadó, 1981. p. 10.
6. CSÁNYI Vilmos: Agresszió az élővilágban, Budapest, Natura Kiadó, 1986.
7. ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques: A társadalmi szerződésről, avagy a politikai jog elvei Budapest, PannonKlett Könyvkiadó Kft., 1997.
8. FREUD Sigmund: Esszék, Budapest, Gondolat Kiadó, 1982.
9. ALLPORT, Gordon: Az előítélet, Budapest, Gondolat Kiadó, 1977.
10. CSÁNYI Vilmos: Agresszió az élővilágban, Budapest, Natura Kiadó, 1986.
11. FREUD, Sigmund: Esszék, Gondolat Kiadó, 1982.
12. BANDURA, Albert: Szociális tanulás utánzás útján, Budapest, Gondolat Kiadó, 1976.
13. Bajkó Panka, www.blikk.hu Letöltés ideje 2010. 03.16.
14. CREVELD, Martin van: The Art of War: War and Military Thought, London: Cassell, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35264-0 (also New York: Collins/Smithsonian, 2005, ISBN 0-06-083853-1)
15. Lásd: MÜNKLER, Herfried: Die neuen Kriege.
    MÜNKLER, Herfried: Der Wandel des Krieges. Von der Symmetrie zur Asymmetrie.
    DASSE, Christopher: Kleine Kriege - Große Wirkung. Wie unkonventionelle Kriegführung die internationale Politik.
    CREVELD, Martin van:  The Art of War: War and Military Thought,
    CREVELD, Martin van : The Changing Face of War: lessons of combat, from the Marne to Iraq,
16. A fejezetrész forrása: KŐSZEGVÁRI-RESPERGER: A terrorizmus elleni küzdelem katonai tapasztalatai Budapest, 2006.  p. 50. ZMNE Egyetemi jegyzet
17. 2009. 01. 12-ei helyzet. In : http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx 2009. 02. 20.
18. ELLIOT, M.: Lessons from the Rubble In: Time September 1, 2003 p.22.; Vö: COPERDY, G.: A Pivotal War In: Defense and Foreign Affairs Starategic Policy 2003 p. 4.
19. Mindösszesen 4538 fő halott, 43 993 fő sebesült azóta, hogy Bush elnök a nagyobb harccselekmények beszüntetését bejelentette 2003 05. 01-én az US Abraham Lincoln fedélzetén: „major combat operations in Iraq have ended”. Forrás: www.cnn.com/usfatalities; Vö: www.washingtonpost.com/usfatalities; www.USATODAY.com 2009. 02. 21.-ei helyzet.
20. Forrás: Operation Iraqi Freedom Third Infranty Division (Mechanized) „Rock of the Marne” After Action Report Final Draft 12 May 2003 p.67.
21. 2003. 03. 28-án UM-QUASR kikötőbe 300 tonnás segélyszállítmány futott be a Sir Galahand hajó fedélzetén.
    

Vissza a tartalomhoz >>>